Sunday, November 13, 2011

Profit and Loss, Discount

Profit and loss calculations are extensions of percentage only with a few twists thrown in because of play of words. In standard MBA exams, approaching these problems in a straight and simplified manner can save you from puzzlement.
I will start this chapter by giving two problems on profit and loss:
                                           profit and loss discount
Problem 1: you have decided to make a donkey out of me. You buy a widget for $100 and sell it to me for $200. You buy it back from me for $300 and then sell it back to me for $400. Have you made any profit in this process? If yes, how much.
Answer: If you said "no profit no loss" or "$100" you're in for a surprise. Let's see how much you earned in the process and how much spent.
Your earnings = $200 + $400 = $600.
Your spending = $100 + $300 = $400.
Therefore, the amount earned by you = $600 - $400 = $200.
Here's the first rule of profit and loss.
profit and loss discount 
                                                     profit and loss discount                                         
Problem 2: Here is an old puzzle: There are two shopkeepers having shops side by side. The first shopkeeper sells bicycles. He sells a bicycle worth $30 for $45. One day a customer comes and buys a bicycle. He gives a $50 note to the shopkeeper. The shopkeeper doesn't have change so he goes to the second shopkeeper, gets the change for $50, and gives $5 and the bicycle to the customer. The customer goes away. The next day the second shopkeeper comes and tells the first shopkeeper that the $50 note is counterfeit and takes his $50 back. Now, how much does the first shopkeeper lose?
Answer: The answer to this tricky problem can be found easily if you consider the first shopkeeper as a system. From the second shopkeeper he took $50 and gave back $50 so there was no profit no loss. To the customer he gave $5 + $30 bicycle. Therefore, his total loss is $35, as shown below:
                                    profit and loss discount
Now, here's the second rule of profit and loss, and it is EXACTLY similar to the first rule:
profit and loss discount
Why am I stressing on this rule? Because if you need to pass through the maze of words which present a profit and loss problem, you will have to perform the simple arithmetic of calculating the total amount gained and total amount spent.
Now here are some terms associated with profit and loss:
profit and loss discount 
NOTE: the profit percentage and the loss percentage are always calculated on CP, unless stated otherwise.
profit and loss discount
There's one more term you should get familiar with in profit and loss. Suppose a shopkeeper buys a product for Rs100 and he wants to earn a profit of 20% on this product. Therefore, he would like to sell the product at Rs120. But a customer wants a discount on the price. If the customer gives a discount on selling price of Rs120, his profit will decrease. Therefore, the shopkeeper prices the product at a price which is higher than Rs120. Now when the shopkeeper gives discount, the price again falls to Rs120 and the shopkeeper maintains his profit percentage. The hiked price, above the selling price, on which discount is given is known as the Marked Price. See the figure below:
profit and loss discount
Before we continue with more problems, here is the most important rule to solve profit and loss problems:
profit and loss discount
I shall have to end here and leave the rest of it for my CBT Club students. I shall cover some problems based on this in the CBT Club this week.

Saturday, November 12, 2011

分享锦集:败在心术不正●冷眼


老陈是一名执行人员,工作了十多年,手头有一笔不大不小的储蓄,他认为把钱摆在银行里作定期存款,存足了漫长的365天,每1000令吉才取得区区35令吉的利息。
5万令吉的血汗钱,每年只取得1750令吉的回酬,何时才能累积到足够的教育费,让两个孩子去受大学教育呢?
他听说精於投资的同事老李,靠着敏锐的眼光,投资股票,现在身家已增至6个数字,他认为如果他走这条路,靠着他的聪明睿智,成绩当不在老李之下。
就这样,老陈提出了他的定存,一头栽进股市。

抢进杀出回酬反减
回酬太低,时间太长,是他舍定存入股市的主要原因,因此,他一开始就抱着在股市中搏杀,以求取更高回酬的投机策略,他认为不入虎穴,焉得虎子,为了让孩子有受大学教育的机会,他愿意冒险。
老陈就这样成为股市中另一名活跃的投机者。
但是,现实跟理想,往往背道而驰,经过了几年的抢进杀出,他的身家,不增反减,他百思不得其解,他付出这么多的心力去研究资料,打听消息,何以效果却那么差劲?
他听说老李,在股市中很少买卖,然而成绩斐然,靠着股票投资,不但有能力供一对儿女,在外国名牌大学毕业,如今都在大公司担任高职,老李不久就退休了,对于退休后的生活,一点也不担忧,因为他的投资收入,足以应付退休后的开支。

基本面评估股票
老陈找到了老李,请他吃晚餐,请教他股票投资成功之道。
在老李的要求下,老陈毫不保留的说出他的投机方法,然后问老李到底如何出错?

消息买股股价飚升
老李三杯下肚,沉吟良久,慢条斯里地说:“你无法在股市赚钱,是因为你心术不正。”
老陈一头雾水,他问:“你有无搞错,我怎会心术不正呢?”
老李问他:“你最近是不是以每股6令吉,买进了一批A公司的股票?”
老陈:“是啊。”
老李:“你为什么要买进A股?”
老陈:“因为有消息说此股很快就会起到8令吉,我有机会赚2令吉嘛!”
老李:“那么,你知道不知道A股实际上值得多少钱?”
老陈搔了搔头说:“我倒没想过这问题,不过,此股最低曾跌到2令吉,这两个月来,好消息不绝,股价一直飚升,现在已是6令吉了,不过我听说还会起,所以我在6令吉时买进,因为听说可涨至8令吉,不过,这跟心术不正有什么关系呢?能赚钱就行了,我管它价值多少?”
对股票研究有素的老李说:“不但有关系,而且关系很密切呢。据我所知,从基本面评估,A股最多值得2令吉,别人以6令吉卖给你,实际上已把你骗了,现在你以6令吉买进,希望以8令吉卖给别人,你也是想骗别人。骗来骗去,这种人是不是心术不正?”
老陈抗议:“我可没有这个存心啦,如果别人肯以8令吉跟我买,就好像我肯以6令吉向别人买,都是心甘情愿的,谁也没存心去骗人,怎能说是‘心术不正’呢?”

损人利己不能长久
老李微微点头说:“是啦,把A股卖给你的人,以及你把A股又卖给别人,都没有存心骗人,实际上,你们根本没想过这样做有什么不对,有股市存在数百年来,人人都这样做,从来没有人去想过这样做有什么不妥。
“但是,请你往深一层想:把一件只值得2令吉的东西,以8令吉卖给别人,跟中国旅游区的小商,以100元人民币,将只值10元人民币的假手镯,卖给游客,有什么分别?只不过是你没有存心骗人,而中国小商由始至终都存心骗游客,如此而已。”
“不过,尽管没有存心,实质上还是大同小异,将没有价值的东西,高价卖给别人以谋利!”
老陈说:“既然没有存心骗人,那么,就不算心术不正了吧!何况愿意以8令吉向我买A股的人,他也可能有机会以10令吉卖出,取得2令吉的利润,他也是受惠啦!”

居心不良长期蒙亏
老李:“的确是如此,他也是在没有存心的情况下骗人。现在的问题,不是有没有存心,而是这样做最终必有人受害,那个以10令吉买进的人,当股价崩溃时,A股跌至其真实价值2令吉的水平时,他亏损了8令吉,这可是他的血汗钱呵!”
“所以,把没有价值的股票推高,然后脱售给无知的散户,是损人利己的行为。没有任何损人利己的行为,可以长久存在,参与这种活动的人,必须蒙受亏损,这就是在股市投机,亏蚀者永远多过赚钱者的最根本原因。”
老李见老陈哑口无言,就继续说:“股市的买者与卖者,在进行交易时,其实都没有存心不良,问题是投机活动,有如赌博,本质就是损人利己。”

股票投机 零和游戏
“股市或赌场中,赌徒都是你情我愿,也是愿赌服输,故参与投机或赌博的双方,都没有不公平,问题不是公平不公平,而是整个活动的本质,就是损人利己,有一方赢就必有一方输,使赌业成为罪业 (Sin Industry), 投机跟赌博相似,是事情的本质,使它成为近乎罪业。”
“股票投机,是零和 (Zero Sum) 游戏,一方之所赢,必然等于另一方之所输,一方的受益,是由另一方的损失成就的。
靠损人以达到利己的目的,是不是心术不正?”
老李说:“任何事情、行为、活动、事业的行为,必须建立在互惠互利,利人利己的基础上,才能持久,投机行为之所以不能长做,就好像赌博不能长赌,长赌必输,就是因为这类行为不是建立在互惠互利,利人利己的基础上。”
老李又说:“那么,为什么投机行业或赌业,却永远存在?永远有人前仆后继的参与?这是人性弱点使然,大多数人无法控制自己的弱点,罪业长存,原因在此。”
现在,老陈终於明白,何以他殚精竭虑,在股市抢进杀出,却赚不到钱,而老李行动不多,总是“莺莺美黛子”(闽语),却在股市大赚特赚的原因了。
读者诸君,你到底是老李还是老陈?
想做老陈还是老李?由你自己决定,但你必须对你的决定负责。

本周建议研究股项

马熔锡(MSC)
功课指导:
1.请进入 http://www.bursamalaysia.com/, 下载该公司 2008-10 年的年报,详读。
2.进入 Google, 找出锡价趋势 (London Metal Exchange)。
3.研究锡的用途(日广)。

提示:
1.马熔锡是新加坡上市公司海峡商行的子公司。
2.马熔锡11月4日公布:第3季每股净利41.8仙,本财务年三个季度每股净利108.90仙。(请算出全年预期本益比)。
3.已派中期股息12仙。
投资策略:长期持有。
忠言:向别人讨鱼吃,吃完一条就没有了。自己学习捕鱼,永远有鱼吃。

Friday, November 11, 2011

Putting a Face on Frustration

Putting a Face on Frustration

November 11th, 2011 by T. Harv Eker
iStock_000000215562XSmall
When we get frustrated by our conditions, we inevitably end up becoming frustrated with ourselves. It can take us over and we tend to run with it. It can creep into every aspect of our lives, from how we relate to the people around us, to how it will impact our business.
If the frustration builds for too long, pretty soon we might forget altogether what the hell we were frustrated at in the first place, yes?
This happens in business all the time, especially when, in the early stages of the business, cash flow can fluctuate maddeningly, which then leads to all other kinds of frustrations from payroll to profits.
There’s an energy attached to frustration that sucks the life out of your business, and if you’re not dealing with this as a business owner, it’s only going to go downhill from there.
Moving back away from whatever the problem is, step one toward a solution is simply being able to classify your frustrations. Is it with your team? Your results? A process that doesn’t seem to flow efficiently?
Some typical early-stage business frustrations include time (there never seems to be enough of it), feeling like you’re too bogged down with menial detail-work instead of bigger-picture tasks, or relying on people to get things done that don’t follow through. Just to name a few.
This is where the importance of systemizing your business processes plays a huge role. First you name your frustration, and then you develop the system to address it.
So if you’re having problems with freeing up your time yet ensuring that essential tasks still get done, then the real problem is the absence of a system that will hire the right people rather than you doing it all yourself. That way, not only is your time freed up, but the right people will also help micro-manage the way processes continue to develop and flow.
The good news is that frustrations within your business are fairly easy to identify and deal with, though they may take time. Inner frustrations, on the other hand, not only take more time and energy to deal with, but may also be harder to identify in the first place. You could be mad at yourself because you’ve done something poorly for so long, and you get frustrated about not seeming able to turn the corner. Or worse, you externalize that frustration toward everybody else—the customers, the suppliers, the vendors, the client; everybody but yourself.
We know the power of blueprints, so we won’t address that here.
When it comes to outer frustrations that we can identify, though, the questions are much simpler. What’s my frustration? What’s the gap in the system? What system is missing altogether?
If your frustrations begin with ‘I’, it’s about you. It’s inner directed. If it’s about ‘them’ or ‘those people’ or ‘those lousy clients’ or ‘those suppliers’ or ‘that lousy machinery’ or ‘that way’ of doing something, it can then be addressed systematically and objectively.
What do you think? Have you experienced similar or even different kinds of frustrations, and how did you address them? Did systemizing play a role? The Millionaire Mind Community wants to hear from you!

Thursday, November 10, 2011

年轻人的故事



1. 年轻人的故事

  从前,有位乡下青年,读了点书,嫌乡村的生活单调,决定要去城里闯世界。临走时,他向村长请教,村长给了他三个字的忠告:“不要怕”。并讲好等他回来时还有另三个字相赠。三十年后,饱经风霜的青年带着满头白发决定还是回乡村生活。回来时,得知当年的村长已死,心中怅然若失,不知村长另外要赠的三字是什么?村长的儿子转交给他一个信封,说是长者临死前嘱咐交给他的。信里只有三个字:“不要悔”。

  

2. 赌博的故事

  这是则老故事。中国以前流行赌骨牌。骨牌共有 36 个数字,从 1 到 36。赌客任押其中一个数字,庄家开牌只开一个数字。如果被你押中的话,1 赔 35。

  且说有位老赌客,很久都没有赢过。有一天,他拿了 36 个赌注入场,告诉庄家说:“我不想再赌了,但在我收手之前,我一定要赢一次。今天我拿了36 个赌注入场,从1 押到36,我不可能一个数字都押不到,明天我就收手。”讲完他去上厕所,途中从他的怀中掉了一个红布包好的赌注,庄家乘赌客没注意,偷偷地把这一注收起来,打开一看是 12。 赌客从厕所回来,把他的赌注全部摆上台面,但只有35 注,另外一注怎么都找不到。他搔着头皮说:“奇怪,我明明带了 36 注来,另一注掉到什么地方去了?会不会留在家里没带来?” 但因庄家开牌在即,回家一趟已来不及,他便说:“算了,只差一个数字,应不会有大关系。”庄家表示不愿失去这位赌客,便决定这一次开12。赌台上的人全注视着摆在台面上的35 个小红布包,打开第一个包,押的是 12,第二个包,押的也是 12,35 个小红布包全押的是 12!庄家就此破产。

  

3. 小偷的故事

  从前,有人以偷为生。小偷的儿子有天对爸爸说:“爸爸,我要像你一样以偷为生,你教我怎么偷东西吧!”小偷看着儿子那副尖嘴猴腮的模样,好逸恶劳的个性,心想若不学偷,这个孩子日后或许会饿死,便答应了。

  一天晚上,小偷带着儿子到了一幛大房子前,在墙上挖个洞,爬进大房子。他们找到储存间,小偷便叫儿子进去找些值钱的东西。儿子一进去,小偷便在外面将储存间的门锁上,同时跑到天井大喊大叫,吵醒这家人,随即,小偷便从墙上的洞溜了出去。这家人知道遭了盗窃,全家都出来查看。当他们看到墙上的洞,便以为小偷已经溜走了。此时主人便叫佣人点上蜡烛到储存间看看不见了什么。小偷的儿子在储存间千万遍地咒骂他的爸爸,当他听到有人要到储存间查看,更是吓得腿都软了。但他没有什么办法,只好躲在储存间的门后。佣人一打开储存间的门,小偷的儿子冲出来,一口气吹熄蜡烛,推开佣人,拨腿就跑。这一家人便大呼小叫地在后面开始追。在逃跑的路上,他看到有口池塘,便拾起一块石头丢到池塘里,在这家人围在池塘边寻找偷儿“尸体”的时候,小偷的儿子已回到家里。

  他正想指责爸爸的残忍,爸爸已先开口了:“儿子,告诉我你是怎么回来的?”听完儿子的故事,小偷说:“孩子,你已学会怎么偷东西了。”

  

  朋友,当你打算投资股票或者期货,准备玩全世界最刺激的游戏并要成为专家时,我要给你这样的忠告:不要怕,也不要悔;玩游戏之前,先搞清游戏的规则,面对人为操纵的赌局,一定要摸清对方的心理;最后提醒你,小偷的本事不在偷,而在于危急的时候怎么逃。





Monday, November 7, 2011

莫叫負債太沉重

“你賺的錢,都往哪兒去了?”“上個月,用了多少錢?用在哪裡?”“你的負債情況是否健康?”
面對這些常見的財務問題,你可別額頭冒汗,支支吾吾含糊帶過啊!資本社會樣樣關錢,你的一時含糊,極可能就是你未來財富的敗筆,讓辛苦賺來的錢,始終無法在錢包內停留太久、成為你的財產。
而你,到頭來還可能傻呼呼不斷納悶:錢呢!?
不想財富“僅僅夠用”?更不想成為資本社會的冤大頭?那就別再寬容鈔票“離奇消失”了!《財富教室》特此整理了一系列《財務教育》特輯,為讀者解讀“錢”的來龍去脈,當中一些技術性詞彙可能艱澀難啃,但事事關錢,你又怎能說難?
現金流篇
何謂現金流管理?
常在薪水入賬之前“山窮水盡”?又或者你是那些銀行戶口內常擁有充足餘額的人?無論哪一種,你都必須對你的收入及支出差距原因有一定程度的瞭解,而這簡單的概念,就是所謂的“現金流管理”了!
學習現金流管理的終極目的,是要你監督、分析及調整個人現金流情況,提昇財務自主權,你會因此瞭解你的收支、消費習慣,甚至生活需求,然後在問題衍生時及早察覺並對症下葯,徹底根除惡性財務毒瘤。
欲解讀自己的現金流概況,先決條件是找出自己的收入與支出成份;一般來說,收入能被劃分成2種類型,開銷則有3種,分別是:
收入
●主動收入--這類型收入來自你的工作或生意,一旦你停止勞動,這類型收入也將隨著停止。
●被動收入--好比你的儲蓄或投資回酬,即使你停止勞動,這類型收入也會持續下去。
開支
●固定開銷--必須定期繳付的定額開銷,比如分期付款,租金,保險等。
●浮動開銷--會逐月變化的開銷,如飲食、穿著、電話費、水電費等。
●特別開銷--這類型開銷通常是選擇性的,而且並非非用不可,如名牌商品、冷氣、娛樂、旅行或其他奢侈品。
當你將每月現金流按上述方法歸類後,收入與開支情況立刻一目了然,然後,進一步將你的總收入減掉總開銷,若還有餘額,證明你未面對財務超支問題,但若出現負數,你就要自我檢討檢討了。
值得一提的是,即使你的收支勉強能平衡,也不代表你沒有財務問題,因為這情況意味你沒有任何餘錢用於儲蓄用途;想想看,萬一你突然喪失工作能力或失業的話,情況會變成怎麼樣?
所以,此刻收支情況停留“合格”邊緣的你,是否應該開始規劃每月預算了?
財務預算很重要
預算最重要的,是先分清楚“需要”和“需求”的差別,比如說,吃晚餐是需要,吃豪華晚餐是需求;買衣服是需要,買名牌衣服是需求;與家人共聚是需要,與家人出國旅行是需求。
當你的財務出現問題,最好以基本“需要”為優先考量,並延後額外“需求”,直到財務情況好轉為止。
信貸諮詢與債務管理機構(AKPK)就建議你在花費前,先問問自己下列4個問題:
1.)我是否有能力購買?
2.)我真的需要嗎?
3.)是否有更便宜的選擇?
4.)能不能挪後?
培養儲蓄習慣
此外,預算也有助你建立儲蓄習慣;未來能否買車買屋,或進修更高學位,甚至過上優質退休生活,儲蓄絕對扮演著決定性的角色。
以下是AKPK建議的“儲蓄4部曲”供參考:●
第一步,永遠先支付給自己:拿到薪金後,至少先把10%用於儲蓄,你可以透過銀行自動扣賬系統,將儲蓄金轉進儲蓄戶口。
●第二步,建立財務目標:設下有意義的財務目標來鼓勵自己儲蓄,包括短期、中期和長期目標。
●第三步,用挑戰心態面對儲蓄:當你達到10%儲蓄目標後,繼續挑戰自己儲蓄更多資金,挑戰心態能激發一個人的潛能,包括毅力。
●第四步,驚喜放一旁:突然加薪或拿到花紅?先別高興,記得先將一部份轉往儲蓄戶口,不能猶豫!
你也可以將儲蓄分成幾種不同目的,如應急用儲蓄,買房子的儲蓄,甚至創業儲蓄,這樣能讓你更清楚自己離目標還有多遠,還需要多少時間和努力來達成目標。
儲蓄金該放在哪裡?
當儲蓄金累積到一定水平,你就必須為資金去向認真考慮了:是要放在銀行收取固定利息,還是做些投資?投資的話,又該投資甚麼?
放在銀行收取固定利息,自然能減少煩惱,但這或許會讓你失去其他更有效的增值方法;若你的決定是投資,則必須反復考量投資種類,找出最符合自己生活情況和知識的投資方法,才能有效利用你辛苦儲蓄的那筆錢。
不過,無論你投資些甚麼,下列3項千古不變的黃金法則是你決不能忽略的:
●第一,堅持投資在自己熟悉的產品(尤其金融市場具備大量衍生產品,奉勸你事先瞭解那些你可能會投資的產品,否則最好敬而遠之)
●第二,做好準備功課,確保你清楚而明白相關投資的風險所在
●第三,別把雞蛋放在同一個籃子裡,將資金分散給不同投資產品,能有效分散投資風險。
最後,市場上總有許多魚目混珠的投資產品,打著低風險高回酬招牌,保證快速致富,但你怎能輕易上勾?尤其對那些條件好得讓人難以置信的投資產品,最好時刻保持最高戒備!高風險,高回酬,反之亦然,是投資千古定律,時時用這條法則警惕自己,就不會輕易上當。
個人資產負債表
除了現金流管理和財務預算之外,你也可以結算自己的總資產,如汽車、房子、現金等,再減去所有負債,就能得知自己的實際“身價”了。
和收支情況一樣,若你的身價出現負數,趕快檢討自己的收支情況,然後設法改善,否則情況持續惡化,“破產”二字離你不遠了。
總結:實際上,所有財務問題的起因,八九不離十與貸款有瓜葛;因此要談理債,又豈能忽略這最重要的一環?怎能不知道貸款的點點滴滴?
為此,接下來《財富廣場》要談論的對象,全部關係貸款,但由於內容實在太多,下期就率先以《貸款篇》打頭陣,強化讀者對“貸款”二字的基本概念;餘下篇幅,才仔細介紹個別貸款種類。(下期待續)
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