Wednesday, July 27, 2011

进行投资的概念


进行投资的概念
对一家公司进行投资是一种提供融资的活动,公司从个人投资者手中汇集资金,并将这些资金投资于有潜力的,范围广泛的证券或其他的资产。
隐藏在投资公司背后的关键理念是资产集合,每位投资者都对投资公司的资产组合,有一个符合本身投资份额比例的要求权。
这样,这些投资公司就为小投资者提供一种联合协作获取大规模投资利益的机制。
对投资者而言,投资公司可发挥以下几种重要功能:
一、记账与管理:投资公司发布阶段性管理情况报告,记录资本获利的分配、红利、投资及偿债的情况,并为股东的红利及利息收入进行再投资活动。
二、分散化与可分性:通过资金聚集,投资公司可使投资者拥有多种不同类型的证券。这样他们就可以像大投资家那样行事,而这是任何单一股东都做不到的。
三、专业化管理:许多但并不是所有的投资公司有专业的证券分析员以及资产组合管理专家,而正是他们努力地工作,为投资者争取丰厚的投资收益。
四、较低的交易成本:由于是以大宗交易的方式进行证券买卖,投资公司可以大量省去经纪人费用与佣金。
尽管投资公司把个人投资者的资产都集中在一起,它们也需要对这些资产的要求权在不同的投资者中进行划分。
投资者购买投资公司的股份,他们得到的公司所有权份额是由他们所购买的股份占投资公司总股份的比例。每一股份的价值称净资产值(NetAssetValue,NAV)。净资产值等于资产减负债,并以每一股份为基础来表示
净资产值= (资产市值–负债)
发行在外的股份
在美国,1940年的《投资公司法》(theInvestmentCompanyAct)将投资公司分为单位投资信托与管理投资公司两种。
单位投资信托的资产组合基本上是固定的,因而被称为“无管理”的投资;相反,管理投资公司之所以这样命名,是因为它们的投资资产组合被不断的买卖,而处于持续变动的状态,即资产组合是有管理的投资。
管理投资公司还可以进一步分为开放型或封闭型,而开放型公司就是我们经常所说的共同基金。

Monday, July 25, 2011

算盘打不响

最近好像有很多东西烦。
男人吗, 不是烦女人就是烦没有钱。
我吗。男孩。都不知道烦什么

朋友今年年尾去台湾了。我也好想去不过看看今年的去旅行的budget用完 了。。。只好放弃了
本来有一个如意算盘的,不过在今天打翻了。
为什么这么说呢?
如无意外,今年年尾的投资数目会是明年年尾的目标。。。
就是说。。。明年可以有比较多budget去旅行咯
看看现在的股市好像有点受美国债卷的影响,股市开高走低。。。可以乘机买入目标股。。。
那明年可以收工了
算是这样算的,不过今天的薪水单少了一些allowance,那就写email 去问看看什么回事。
原来正在做重组计划。。。那么我的allowance 呢??
希望会有好消息吧。。。
不然明年的budget 会影响到的。。。

Saturday, July 23, 2011

基本面剖析●冷眼

分享锦集:基本面剖析●冷眼
2011/07/15 5:55:14 PM
●冷眼 股市基本面大师

我常劝股友,在买进股票之前,一定要做足功课。

做功课就是Do your homework,从Homework这个Home(家)字,可以看出功课不是在课室,而是在家里做的。

在家里做功课,没有别人的督促和协助,必须独立研究。

这样可以养成独立思考的习惯,这是股票投资成功的先决条件。

多数成功的投资者,都是根据自己做功课的心得进行投资的,靠别人的“贴士”进行投资的,成功的少之又少。

先读懂投资资料

做功课的先决条件,是必须有读懂股票投资资料的能力。

股票资料包括年报、季报、股票分析报告、上市时发出的招股说明书、财经书籍、财经报章及杂志等。

要读懂这些资料,第一步就是要对财经、投资和经济的常用术语(Terminology or terms)和惯用词语,有明确的了解,这样才可以使你在阅读资料时,不但顺畅无阻,而且有深入的体会。

如果你对这类术语和惯用词语一知半解,你的吸收能力将大减,你很难在股票研究上登堂入室。

例如我们常常听到或读到:买股票最好买“基本面”强的股票,“基本面”就是Fundamental,到底“基本面”是指什么?

所谓“强劲”的“基本面”又是什么?

弄清楚术语含意

如果你没有明确的概念的话,你就不会知道“基本面”的重要性,在投资时也不会去理会“基本面”是否强劲。结果是所买的都是劣股,怎能赚钱?

所以,假如你有心研究股票的话,就一定要花时间和精神去弄清楚术语的含意。

你所花的精神和时间是值得的,因为你在弄明白术语以后,就一劳永逸的解决了阅读财经资讯难题,你会一辈子受用无穷,何乐而不为?

现在就让我们以“基本面”这个术语为例,说明了解术语的过程。

在英华大词典中,Fundamental作为形容词的含义为:基础的、基本的、根本的、重要的、更好的、主要的等。

作为名词是指原理、原则、基本、根本、基础等。

可见Fundamental就是一家公司赖以成功的最基本、最根本及最重要的因素,叫“基本面因素”。

计算出内在价值

梁孙健博士在他的著作《马星股市投资》(Stock Market Investment In Malaysia & Singapore)中,对Fundamental Approach(基本面研究)的解释为“仔细分析公司盈利及股息展望的投资法,基本面信徒相信他们可以根据此种分析,计算出一只股票的真实或内在价值。”

可见基本面的作用是计算股票的价值,这种投资法,叫“价值投资法”。

台湾出版的“财务金融辞典对Fundamental Analysis的解释为:“基本面分析,经由证券(股票)的基本因素所进行的价值分析,基本因素如:盈余、资本负债状况、经营管理效能等。

基本面分析的目的,是评估证券(股票)的真实价值,作为买卖该证券的依据。”

可见基本面又涉及企业的管理效益,侧重于财务评估。

Marsha Bertrand在他的著作Gathing Started in Inverstment Clubs对基本面分析(Fundamental Analysis)有颇为详细的解释:“根据公司的财报,过去的业绩表现及现有之策略,对股票将来的动向作出预测。”

分析财报作预测

“在基本面分析,我们审视公司的基本面。也就是说,我们分析公司的财报,以协助我们预测公司将来的盈利和股息。

基本面分析集中注意力于以下各点:盈利、现金流、投资回报,以确定股票的价格是否已反映公司的真实价值。

发掘价值低估股

这些资料显示公司将来在业绩和股价方面的表现。基本面分析有助于我们发掘价值被低估的股票,希望将来股价会上升。”

该书列出辨认基本面强弱的8个标准,为了使大家对基本面有具体的认识,让我们将每个标准分为1、2、3分。积分越高,表示基本面越强。

如果积分是在8以下,表示基本面孱弱,不值得投资;如果是在8至16之间,表示中等,是否值得投资,决定于基本面以外的因素;如果积分在16至24之间,表示基本面强劲,可以投资。

辨认基本面强弱八大标准:

为了使大家易于掌握起见,我信手拈来,以佳杰科技(ECS ITC BHD)为实例,加以说明。

标准一:流动比率(Current Ratio)

流动资产(Current Assets)为一年内可以化为现金的资产,流动负债(Current Liabilities)为一年中必须偿还的负债。

流动比率是流动资产÷流动负债所得出的比值,越高越好。

佳杰科技在今年3月31日首季结账时的流动比率为306(百万)÷156(百万)=1.96,远远超过一倍,属于超强,此标准应得3分。

标准二:营运资本(Working Capital)

以流动资产减流动负债得之,佳杰科技在今年3月31日时的营运资本为306(百万)-156(百万)=150(百万),足以应付营业所需的资金而有余。

难怪该公司完全没有负债,手头还有4000万令吉现金。

此标准应得3分。

标准三:负债对股东基金比率 (Debt-To-Equity Ratio)

总负债除以股东基金所得比率,数目越小,表示该公司主要是靠现有资金而不是靠借贷做生意,故数字越小越好。

佳杰科技的负债对股东基金比率为:150(百万)÷154(百万)=1。财务稳如泰山,应得3分。

标准四:每股净利(EPS)

每年净利除以股数得之,越高越好。

佳杰科技去年每股净利为20.70仙,属于中等,应得2分。(我认为每股净利要超过30仙才属上等)。

标准五:本益比(PER)

股价除以每股净利,为赚回投资额所需的年数。

以佳杰1令吉40仙的股价计算,目前的本益比为RM1.40÷0.257=5.5(倍),国际的本益比标准通常为10倍,佳杰5.5倍的本益比偏低,应得3分。

标准六:股东基金回报率(Return On Quity,即ROE)

每年净利除以股东基金的得数。

此比率是用来测试管理效率,越高越好。

佳杰科技去年净赚2900万令吉,股东基金为1亿4700万令吉,故股东基金回报率为29(百万)÷147(百万)=19.7%,比银行定期存款3%高数倍,应得3分。

标准七:周息率(D/Y)

每股股息除以股价的得数。

周息率通常以净股息为计算标准。

佳杰科技去年派净股息8仙,以1令吉40仙的股价计算,周息率为8仙÷140仙=5.7%,比银行定存利息3%几乎高一倍,应得3分。

标准八:每股净有形资产价值(NTA)

股东基金除以股数得之。

佳杰科技的每股净有形资产价值为RM147(百万)÷120(百万股)=RM1.23,略低于股票市价,应得2分。

总结这八个标准,佳杰科技取得24分中的22分,可说是基本面很强的公司。

佳杰科技是四海栈张氏家族所控制,已有25年的历史,代理全球30多家电脑及手机公司的产品,分销点多达2500家。

企业的基本面有如建筑物的地基,基本面强表示地基坚稳,经得起狂风暴雨的袭击。

在买进之前,如果能照以上方法做功课,找出股票基本面的强弱,可以减低风险。减低风险,等于提高胜算。

Friday, July 22, 2011

[转载]How to enjoy investing while you are still in working age

Some of my friends asked me to share with them on how to stay investing while busy on the daily works as well as the housework. I must admit that to invest and enjoy a good return, you must have a good investment philosophy. (Please refer to my posts below to better understand investment philosophy). 

First of all, we must find out the objectives of investing. Some of the reasons that I may think of could be:

  • Enjoy the comfortable retirement life. Sometime, we may miss out something during the investment journey. For example, you may missed out the growing phase of your children due to busy on your work. For those reason, not many people like to climb up the corporate ladder, as they know that they cannot cope with family with the heavy workload from office. Some cannot survive with their CPF/EPF savings within 5 years. We may think of to rely on our children for the retirement. However, with only 1 or 2 children for young couple, we can foresee that we really cannot rely with our children.
  • Children Education Purpose. It is a long term journey to raise a kid until he/she enters University. We have to take a higher risk to invest in long term investment instruments to raise the education fund in 18-20 years. We may find that it is necessary for us to invest rather than just park in the bank as the fact shows us fixed deposit can never beat the inflation rate in long rate.
  • Short Term Purpose. We may need a certain amount of money 2 to 3 years later for renovation or down payment. It is wise that we can park the money in fixed income securities or REITs to enjoy better return compared to fixed deposit.

After we have confirmed the purpose of the investing, then we should find a way to enjoy investing while we are in the working age. It is unwise to retire early as you will soon lose the energy and the spirit to keep on improving yourself and will end up in the downtrend.

Ways to enjoy investing include:
  • Keep track your investment portfolio and always record down the profit and lose. Make it a funny game similar to the 'Monopoly' played by the children. 
  • Always find out the things that we can improve so that we will feel satisfaction of doing so. 
  • Always remember that money is not the ultimate goal. To keep yourself happy and healthy is the ultimate goal in your life. 
  • Donate some profits to Non-Profit Organization. It makes you be more responsible and motivated to earn more in the investment to benefit to others.

[转载]炒股没那麼容易

沒那麼簡單 就能漲到 破一千七百点
尤其是在 看過了那麼多的崩盤
總是不安 只好抽單
誰謀殺了我的樂觀
沒那麼簡單
Remisier喊買 別的全不管
就算再好 也許漲也許跌各一半
买了就跌 一久也習慣
用完Trust Fund  再來用T+3
感覺打底就買東買西
感覺到頂就放空货期
论坛說的話 隨便聽一聽 自己作決定
不想拥有太多情绪 打开新闻配财经
在周末晚上 关掉了cari  舒服窝在被单里
炒股没那麼容易 大户庄家有他的脾气
过了爱投机的年纪 轰轰烈烈不如平静
投机没有那麼容易 才会特别让人著迷
什麼都不懂的年纪
曾经捞一笔 所以最开心 曾经
亏钱最伤心 但却最动心 的记忆

Wednesday, July 20, 2011

人生,这样更幸福

人生,要知道温暖、美好;要做到坚强、信任和尊严。不要颓废、空虚还有迷茫,甚至找理由来作践自己、伤害自己。—题记

漫漫人生路,总有疲惫伤心的时候,不要认同那些伪装的酷和变异的另类,那是那些无事可做的人找出来放任自己的借口,真正的酷是来自内心的,真正的另类是优异别人的特别,要有强大的信念,任凭时间流逝,不会怨天叹地和屈服的信念。伤心委屈的时候要号啕大哭,哭完了洗洗脸然后用手拍拍,挤个笑脸给自己看。
人生需要好好去爱,好好的去生活。青春短暂,不要叹老,要时不时的提醒自己,自己在做什么,自己该做什么。

给自己一个远大的前程和目标,不顺心的时候多看看天空,也记得看看自己脚下,也许就会有意外的感动。
任何时候,任何人问你谈过几次恋爱,你要告诉他是两次。一次是我爱他,他不爱我,一是他爱我,我不爱他。好的爱情永远在下一次。

人生难免会有愚钝的时候,要学会保护自己,不要给别人两次伤害的机会,你伤不起也承受不起。被朋友伤害,不要怀疑友情,但要提防背叛你的人,原谅不等于遗忘。

不要相信海枯石烂的誓言,因为你等不到那一天。保持纯洁的心,不要轻易说出你的爱。相信真爱,但决不愚爱,不要爱上一个在爱情上用尽手段的人,不要相信一个不准备把你介绍给他朋友圈子的人。分手时不要口出恶言,也许是他的错,但也可能是你的错。吸取教训,不要忘记,也不要后悔,因为后悔没用。分手后不要做出撕照片、毁信笺、烧日记这样的事情,这样做只会降低你的风度。相信爱情,相信还有人在茫茫人海中寻觅你。别说这世间没有真爱,不要让别人误以为你阅人无数。

千万记住,对某些人来说,你不必珍惜,但对家人来说你是珍贵的。你要知道,宝贝,伤心的时候要回家,要给家里打电话,要跟最亲的人说,也许只有他们才能帮助你,真心的安慰你。而且你要知道,你不缺乏爱,因为你的身边还有很多人在。顺父母的心意,但决不盲从,要有自己的想法,任何事情都要问自己是怎么想的,要反对就大声的提出来,因为父母最想的就是让我们幸福。

要经常的在镜子面前整理形象,要对着镜子笑,要跟自己说,我很开心。
要经常运动,不懒惰,有健康的身体才会有幸福的未来。不吸烟、不喝酒、不晚睡晚起,读哲学、科学、心理学,一些你一直以来以为枯燥的书,要知道世界的基本规则和常识。

听好听的音乐,看好的电影和画,爱心中的艺术,但绝不是艺术中的自己。塑出自己特有的气质,但却不要瞧不起劳动人民,土地不脏,汗水不臭,请尊重那些生活状况不如你的人,尊重别人就是尊重自己。永远理解生活在最底层的人。不要小看一分钱,有本事自己去挣,不要拒绝任何一个乞丐,能帮就帮,我们不是施舍,是帮助有困难的人,不要去怀疑是真乞丐还是假乞丐,要明白给永远比拿快乐。

人生中最重要的就是保持几分天真童心,要快乐、开朗做个幸福知道温暖的人。这些和性格是无关的。


wrote by-十二星座宝宝
share by-lynn

Friday, July 15, 2011

普通人 Vs 疯子

普通人的做事手法
计划 -》 考量 -》 问题 -》 问题 -》 问题 -》 放弃

疯子的做事手法
计划 -》 行动 -》 问题 -》 处理 -》 问题 -》 处理 -》 继续

Wednesday, July 13, 2011

Hybrid REAP Overview

Hybrid REAP Overview

Source: http://revolutionwifi.blogspot.com/2010/06/h-reap-hybrid-remote-edge-access-point.html
H-REAP (hybrid remote edge access point) is useful for corporations with many small remote sites requiring wireless networks. Since the industry shifted to controller-based architectures, solutions for remote offices have been difficult for many customers, including retail corporations such as the one I currently am employed with. Many customers have found it difficult to justify the large (even enormous) additional expense of distributed controllers at each and every remote site.

H-REAP attempts to fill this gap by allowing corporations to deploy centralized controllers and distribute more brains of system back into the access points. However, the controller typically still performs some level of data-plane operations and is not solely limited to management plane functionality. Some vendors have bucked this trend and have designed solutions that are fully distributed with no controller required. Cisco's approach to this problem has continued to evolve since their Airespace acquisition and jump into the controller architecture.



H-REAP enables customers to configure and control access points in a branch or remote office from the corporate office through a wide area network (WAN) link without deploying a controller in each office. The hybrid-REAP access points can switch client data traffic locally and perform client authentication locally when their connection to the controller is lost. When they are connected to the controller, they can also send traffic back to the controller.

However, this feature still has a significant amount of limitations compared to their current controller-based architecture with Local mode APs. Additionally, many different authentication and traffic forwarding scenarios exist which make H-REAP deployment somewhat complex. Here is a rundown of some of the basics.

Authentication and Traffic Forwarding
WLANs can be locally switched from the AP or tunneled back to the controller. This setting is global for each WLAN. Clients are authenticated centrally through the controller. If the controller connection is lost, clients can also be authenticated locally by the AP, either through backup RADIUS servers if they are configured for the H-REAP group, or through Local EAP on the AP (limited to LEAP and EAP-FAST). 

Note that client authentication is ALWAYS performed by the controller if the AP can establish a connection to the controller.

H-REAP Operational Modes
     1. Connected Mode – the AP can reach a controller
     2. Standalone Mode – the AP cannot reach a controller

H-REAP Operational States
1.       Central Authentication, Central Switching (Connected Mode)
a.       Controller handles client authentication
b.       Client data is tunneled back to the controller

2.       Central Authentication, Local Switching (Connected Mode)
a.       Controller handles client authentication
b.       Client data is switched locally by the AP into trunked VLANs on the access layer switch

3.       Local Authentication, Local Switching (Standalone Mode)
a.       AP handles client authentication using backup RADIUS servers
b.       Client data is switched locally by the AP into trunked VLANs on the access layer switch
c.        Valid for Open, Static WEP, and WPA/WPA2-PSK
d.       Valid for 802.1x and CCKM if backup RADIUS servers are defined on the H-REAP group or on an individual AP
e.        Never valid for web authentication, which is always performed at the controller

4.       Authentication Down, Switching Down (Standalone Mode)
a.       AP disassociates existing clients and stops sending beacons and probe responses
b.       Valid for centrally switched WLANs when the AP goes into standalone mode, including web-auth WLANs

5.       Authentication Down, Local Switching (Standalone Mode)
a.       AP rejects new client authentications, but continues sending beacons and probe responses to keep existing clients alive. Once client count reaches zero, the AP stops sending beacons.
b.       Valid for locally switched WLANs when the AP goes into standalone mode, including web-auth WLANs, and when no backup RADIUS servers are defined

H-REAP Groups
In order to better organize and manage your hybrid-REAP access points, you can create hybrid-REAP groups and assign specific access points to them.

All of the hybrid-REAP access points in a group share the same backup RADIUS servers, CCKM, and local authentication configuration information. This feature is required for CCKM to work on H-REAP access points. Backup RADIUS servers can also be configured on individual APs, which override the group configuration if present.


Whew! It takes a few passes to understand all of that, doesn't it. Now, try designing a remote site solution to take into account all the possibilities and architect a stable solution. Easier said than done.

In my next post, I'll detail H-REAP deployment guidelines and some of the H-REAP feature limitations you should be aware of.

Andrew

Tuesday, July 12, 2011

Start Living in Prime Time

Start Living in Prime Time
by

Denis Waitley

Prime time is that period between 6 and 10 p.m. during which most of the general public watches television. Commercials in prime time are the most expensive, approaching a million dollars per minute. Your real success in life will take a quantum leap when you stop watching other people making money in their professions performing in prime time, and start living your own dreams and goals in prime time. Time is the ultimate equal opportunity employer. Time never stops to rest, never hesitates, never looks forward or backward. Life’s raw material spends itself in the now, this moment, which is why how you spend your time is far more important than all the material possessions you may own or positions you may obtain. Positions change; possessions come and go; you can earn more money. You can renew your supply of many things, but like good health, that other most precious resource, time spent is gone forever.
Each yesterday, and all of them together, are beyond your control. Literally all the money in the world can’t undo or redo a single act you performed. You cannot erase a single word you said. You can’t add an “I love you,” “I’m sorry,” or “I forgive you,” not even a “thank you” you forgot to say. Each human being in every hemisphere and time zone has precisely 168 hours a week to spend. And some of the most precious hours occur in prime time.
Consider this: Most of your daytime hours are spent helping other people solve their problems. The little time you have in the evenings and on weekends is all you have to spend on yourself, on your own dreams and goals, and personal development.
Some thoughts to ponder:
• Have supper with your loved ones at least two to three times per week. It’s the best time for casual conversation to listen to what those close to you feel is important in their lives. Mealtime is a time to dialogue.
• A television set is an appliance. It should be used, at most, for two hours at a time. It should be off, unless specific programs of interest are selected. It should not be used as a one-eyed babysitter. For the most part, TV exposes us to negative role models.
• Instead of watching television, why not read a good fiction or nonfiction book, write a letter, engage in a hobby or craft, call a friend or someone in need of encouragement on the phone, network on your computer, go out to an ethnic restaurant, a home show, an entrepreneurial show, a musical recital, a play, a fitness class, or cultural event. Take an art or photography class. Use prime time to live the kind of life others put on layaway.

Action Idea: If you and your family/friends watch TV, try not turning it on for one week. When you do watch TV, reduce by 50% the amount of time you spend watching it. Concentrate your evenings and free time engaged in hands on, real-life experiences you can touch, feel, smell and engage all your senses in. Instead of virtual reality, insist on the real thing.

Monday, July 11, 2011

开始不一样的思考想法

今天终于把bali的机票给定了。虽然比起其他人贵了正百元,不过我想还是值得的吧。
如果问我为什么当初不买呢?
这一定会有它的理由存在。。。

自从做了engineer这份工后,我领教过冲动的后果。
我只能说 “一份再好的计划书也会有遗漏的地方,何况是没有仔细想想做出来的计划书。”
所以不知道的东西 不说,不清楚的东西,要问。
"under commit, over deliver"好过"över commit, under deliver “

过了今天,我开始学习这两样东西。
- 练习自己在短时间里做出决定,尤其是在冲动时。。。所以平时要多看,多想,多读。。。
不过最好还是不要冲动啦。。。在股市里冲动10 次有8 次会害死人的。。。

- 我把财政记录簿做了些更改。把储蓄的15% 变成 10%储蓄,5%旅游。这样的安排会可以比较灵活性的去记录我的开销。

"If you figured out what went wrong last time, then you know how to make it right next time. "

Sunday, July 10, 2011

Bandwidth Sharing within CBWFQ/LLQ


Bandwidth Sharing within CBWFQ/LLQKevin Davis, Senior Network Consultant, NetQoS, Inc.

Often we are asked how Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) works and how bandwidth sharing is accomplished when Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) is configured. As the name implies, a weight is used to determine the relative frequency data from each configured queue given access to network interface for transmission of its contents. Typically this weight is a value derived from the amount of bandwidth (or number of bytes) assigned to each queue and the size of the packets being transmitted to create fairness among small and large conversations.
An important but often overlooked part of CBWFQ/LLQ is the algorithm behavior before the point bandwidth is allocated among each configured queue. Understanding how packets get classified and how they find their way into each configured queue is critical to understanding proper configuration and operation for CBWFQ/LLQ.
First, let us deal with these common misconceptions about how CBWFQ works so that we can then discuss its theory of operation:
  • When a configured classification’s queue fills, packets marked for that queue are NOT sent down to the next queue in the order in which they are configured.
  • When a configured classification’s queue fills, packets marked for that queue are NOT sent to the default queue either.
  • When the bandwidth assigned to the LLQ is consumed, it is NOT allowed to share in the unused bandwidth with other non-LLQ classes.
What happens when a configured classification’s queue fills? As shown with Packet 12 destined for BWQ3 in Figure 1, additional packets are tail dropped (unless RED is configured) when the queue is full. The resulting tail drop results in the sender retransmitting the packet and TCP throttling back. This decreases the amount of data for that traffic flow and its overall throughput.
Understanding how this technology works conceptually is a key to successfully implementing Layer 3 QoS, which provides the expected results: low jitter and latency for VoIP applications and consistent latency for business-critical applications. Misunderstanding how CBWFQ/LLQ works can result in problems with VoIP implementations and cause performance problems for business-critical applications.

CBWFQ w/LLQ: Packets destined for a network that is reachable from the network interface in question are forwarded (routed) to its output buffers. Often this involves merely passing a pointer in the router’s memory. If CBWFQ/LLQ queuing has been configured, the interface First-In-First-Out (FIFO) HW buffer is checked to see if it is full, which indicates that is has become congested.
Note: Congestion with respect to Layer 3 QoS is not a function of utilization measurement over time (it does not represent average utilization of 80% or 90% over 30 second, 5 minute, or 15 minute intervals), but whether a certain hardware buffer on the interface is full at any moment.
If the FIFO buffer is not full, the packets are forwarded directly to it and are transmitted in the order in which they are received. Given that the FIFO HW buffer must be full to invoke the CBWFQ queues, it is important that the hardware FIFO queue is small enough to invoke LLQ to manage jitter and latency for VoIP, but large enough to not reduce overall throughput.
The size of this FIFO hardware buffer depends on each vendor’s implementation, but might be manually adjusted by configuration commands (depending on interface type and Layer 2 encapsulation) or auto-adjust if a QoS policy such as CBWFQ is configured on the interface.
When the FIFO HW buffer becomes full, newly arriving packets are sent to a classification process to be assigned to specific queues configured within the CBWFQ/LLQ service policy. The classification process determines to which class the packet belongs by reading the IP Precedence or DSCP value in the IP header and attempts to forward the packet to the queue servicing that particular class. If the queue servicing the class is full, the packet is tail dropped. The packet is not forwarded to the next queue or the default queue.
This process is repeated for each packet as it arrives at the interface during periods of congestion; that is, when the HW FIFO buffer is full. At each respective queue, the packets wait for the scheduler to forward them to the HW FIFO buffer for transmission on the network circuit. In each configured class and its attendant queue, the packets are serviced FIFO to ensure packets are not delivered out of order to the receiving end.
If a packet is forwarded to the Low Latency Queue (strict priority queue), it is controlled by a policing mechanism to make sure the LLQ is not consuming more than the amount of bandwidth it has been assigned. If the amount of assigned bandwidth for the LLQ has already been consumed, the packet is dropped. If the bandwidth has not been consumed, the packet is forwarded to the scheduler. The policing mechanism prevents the LLQ from starving the other queues from bandwidth. It also tightly manages jitter and latency within the queue. If you do not configure sufficient bandwidth for your LLQ, your VoIP implementation will have performance problems.
How is bandwidth sharing accomplished? Each class is configured with a weight, which is usually the bandwidth. An algorithm uses this weight to determine when each class is scheduled. When a configured class is not using its assigned bandwidth (for example, when its queue is empty), the scheduler visits the other bandwidth queues (except the LLQ) according to their weighted value to create a statistical fairness for transmission among the various queues. In Figure 1, BWQ2 does not contain packets; therefore, the 10% of bandwidth assigned to it will be used by the other bandwidth queues, but not the LLQ because it is strictly policed.
CBWFQ can dynamically adapt to mete out unused bandwidth assignments to the other configured classes. Bandwidth assigned to each queue is only “carved out” when applications are actually in need of such bandwidth. This flexible and workable approach provides consistent network resources to key applications without permanently committing resources that might go unused and impact non-preferred applications.
Note: Before implementing a QoS policy, conduct an analysis to determine if the application performance problem is a result of inconsistent resource availability in the network; for example, network congestion and packet drop. QoS policies such as CBWFQ are intended to bring consistent performance from the network to applications. They do not create additional bandwidth, bring two sites physically closer together to remove delay because of distance, or reduce the round trips necessary to fulfill an application transaction.
Before implementing CBWFQ/LLQ, it is important to do the following:
  • Use Netflow data to determine the utilization signature of business-critical applications that get precedence in CBWFQ. Do this on each interface where CBWFQ/LLQ is applied.
  • Use Netflow data to baseline interface utilization as a whole and to identify rogue applications that might cause performance problems for applications assigned to the default queue. A rogue application transfers large amounts of data, which creates significant latency and packet drop for other applications in the default queue. You should shape, police, or reschedule these applications to minimize impact on the default queue.
  • Use a network tool or agent such as a sniffer or IPSLA to baseline network latency for business-critical applications and therefore determine the effect on end-to-end latency and packet drop before and after implementation of CBWFQ/LLQ.
  • Use a network tool such as a sniffer or IPSLA to baseline network latency for several applications that will be placed in the default queue and determine the impact on end-to-end latency for such applications; for example, it is a zero sum game and one application’s gain will be another application’s loss. Microsoft’s file sharing protocols (NetBIOS SSN 139 and MS DS 445) are good candidates for such baselines.
  • Establish initial SLA values for utilization, latency, and packet drop on a per interface/application basis.
  • Obtain feedback from users on performance of business-critical applications that receive CBWFQ/LLQ.
After implementing CBWFQ/LLQ it is important to do the following:
  • Use data from Netflow, IPSLA, application monitors, or SNMP pollers to detect changes in application utilization/latency and make proactive changes to CBWFQ policies before end user’s experiences are negatively impacted.
  • Use SNMP monitors to detect packet drops in CBWFQ queues. Packet drop should be equal exactly zero in all configured queues. All packet drops should occur in the default queue.
  • Use network toolsets to set and monitor SLAs in terms of utilization, latency, and packet drop.
  • Obtain feedback from users on business-critical application performance that received CBWFQ/LLQ to ensure that consistent application performance is received across application users.
While this discussion specifically addresses implementating CBWFQ/LLQ (a Cisco technology), these queuing algorithms have similar characteristics: finite queue depths, weighting algorithms, scheduling algorithms, and key events that invoke the queuing behavior. Other white papers conceptually describe weighed fair queuing behavior, priority queuing, and weighed round robin queuing as well as enhancements to CBWFQ/LLQ such as the use of RED and scavenger queues.

Online Tutorial : http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le31/le46/cln/qlm/CCVP/qos/congestion-management-configuring-cbwfq-and-llq-2/player.html

Saturday, July 9, 2011

财女风情:理财天使与魔鬼

财女风情:理财天使与魔鬼
2011/07/04 2:41:15 PM
●罗凤琴 金融系硕士/合格财务规划师/认证财务规划师/益资利投资银行经纪
每个月领薪水的日子是上班族们最期盼、最欢畅的日子。
这些工薪阶层盼星星盼月亮,憋足了一个月终于盼到了有钱用,有的甚至发完工资没几天就又盼着发下个月的工资了。
发了薪水怎么用呢?
赶紧给自己买好吃的、好穿的,或是约上三五好友吃喝,去商场潇洒走一回薪水发了没几天就月光光了。
严重的入不敷出,有的甚至还要大借外债,今天的钱不知道怎么就花完了,居然要花明天的钱来填补这个巨大的无底洞。
其实,这些不良习惯总结起来就是一个特点,那就是花钱没有规划,大手大脚,花得稀里糊涂,没理财意识。如果不趁早远离,结果只有一个:囊中羞涩,甚至债台高筑。
在日常生活中,许多人经常有一些错误的观念,遭遇许多“心魔”,要改变这些不良习惯,首先要有理财的意识才能够克服心中的魔鬼诱惑。
如果完全不觉得自己有理财的必要的话,那么一切都是免谈。
适时消费
要了解理财,明白理财的重要性,要认识到自己之所以寅吃卯粮,是因为没有树立起理财的观念,没有适时消费、为以后的生活做准备的意识。
有一天的钱花一天的钱,甚至是今天花明天的钱,这种混乱的生活方式和态度决定了你的财务状况一团糟。
理财本身是一件充满激情和渴望的事情,因此心定神闲的定力就显得非常珍贵。
只要有正确的观念与心态,即使本金为零,从任何时候开始都不晚;没有正确的观念,有再多的本钱,一样会一塌糊涂。
事实上,你我都有心魔──这小小的心理障碍,会妨碍我们做出理性、和聪明的事情。
如果我们希望累积更多资金,就要战胜并努力铲除这些“心魔”。
拒绝5个理财魔鬼诱惑
1.贪心鬼:
他会出现在你订目标时。
他会诱惑你订下一个根本做不到的大目标,进而导致你失败,他还会说:“我什么都做得到!”
天使:一次只做一至人件事,等目标彻底达成,再增加。
也就是说,每达到一个目标后,就再把目标提高一步。
理财目标要分短、中长、期,定期,并且慢慢按部就班,比较容易达成。
2.疑惑鬼:
他会出现在你下定决心后没多久。
为了不让你养成习惯,他会让你出现这样的疑惑:“我月收入才2000令吉,没有必要理财”或是“我一点理财的概念都没有,怎么理呀?”
天使:理财不在于财富的多寡,而在于理财观念是否苏醒。即使收入或薪水扣除个人固定开支之后所剩无几,也不低估微薄小钱的凝聚力量。只要你不断坚持,小钱一定会变成一笔大钱。
3.三心二意鬼:
他通常会在第一个周末出现。为了诱使你半途而废,他会说:“这样记帐、省钱好累喔!还是原来的生活方式比较有趣!”或是“太难了,我做不到,还是算了吧!”
天使:记帐是理财的第一步,可帮助自己定期检视收入和支出的情况,随时修正收支,奠定累积财富的良好基础。找到适合自己记帐的方式,再善用银行存折明细、对账单、自动扣缴明细表及信用卡账单等辅助工具,记帐也可以很轻松。
4.挫折鬼:
他会出现在第2周以后。当执行进度出现瓶颈时,他会说:“才进步一点点,没有用的啦!”或是“别人都放弃了,你还在撑什么?”
天使:世间最大敌人,不是别人,而是自己。敌人躲藏在我们的心里,在我们的思想中,我们掩护自己的敌人,不容易发觉;只有那些能够掌握自己的思想,控制自己的欲望的人,才有可能坚持到底,完成任务,达到目标,获得成功。
5.欲望鬼:
他会从头到尾、全程突击你。为了诱使你花钱,他会说:“有特卖会耶!电视购物价格好便宜!”或是“你已比价过了,这个名牌包你不是已期待很久了吗?”
天使:首先,在选购商品时要根据自己切实需要和承受能力;其次,身上不带过多现金和银行卡,控制钱包也就控制了肆意膨胀消费欲。理财需持之以恒,适当调整自己的消费习惯,才可以使自己“有财可理,理财有道”。
天使魔鬼 一步之遥
在你还没成功之前,你只会上魔鬼的当。——魔鬼磨练了你的人性。
当你真正达到成功,你就是天使的化身。——天使成就了你的成功。
当你心中的理财天使战胜了魔鬼之后,接下来,就能让好习惯养你一辈子!

乐龄人股票投资法●冷眼

分享锦集:乐龄人股票投资法●冷眼
2011/07/09 11:27:19 AM
●冷眼 股市基本面大师 

常常有人问我:“你还有投资股票吗?”

一般人都认为,股票风险高,所以不适合乐龄人士投资。我是乐龄人,所以他们有此一问。

通常我不会直接回答他们的这个问题,如果他们是做生意的,我会反问他们:“你花了几十年的心血,建立起现在的生意,现在生意稳定了,基础稳如泰山,你有固定的收入,现在你退休了,应该享清福了,你为什么不把生意卖掉,或是清盘,手持现金,安享晚年?”

卖盘反应快

他们年逾古稀,对别的问题反应比年轻人迟钝了些,但对于把生意卖掉或清盘的问题,反应可是快如闪电:“我一生奋斗,就是为了建立稳定的生意,以赚取稳定的盈利,使我晚年高枕无忧,我怎么可以把生意卖掉或是清盘呢?”

如果他们是种油棕的,我会反问他们:“你经营这片油棕园,已三、四十年了吧?

靠着这片油棕园,你把儿女养大,教育成人,他们都已成家立业,你的责任完了,现在,你年迈力衰了,再也不能亲自管理油棕园了。”

“现在油棕价高,油棕园价值比过去任何时期都更高,你何不乘机卖掉,收取现金,安度晚年?”

油棕园小园主多数会不假思索地回答:“我辛苦数十年,所盼的就是今天这样的日子。

责任完了,而油棕园收入源源而来,我可以把油棕园交给承包商去收割棕果,我和老伴可以自由自在遨游天下,稳定的收入使我无后顾之忧,我怎能把油棕园卖掉?

卖掉油棕园等于杀掉会生金蛋的鹅,我才没这么笨呢!”

如果他是靠产业收租的乐龄人,我会问他:“你以分期付款购置的店铺,经过20年的分期摊还,20年来,租金都交给银行,你一无所得,现在供完了,租金全部归你,你有稳定的收入,晚年可保无忧。

不轻易放弃

但是,近年来产业价格暴涨,你的产业从来没有像现在那么值钱,你何不把店铺卖掉,把钱存在银行吃利息,这样可以省却收租的麻烦!”

他会勃然变色曰:“我辛苦几十年,盼的就是今天,我怎么可以把店铺卖掉?作为乐龄人,稳定的收入比巨额的现金更重要呀!”

是的,生意人不会在晚年把生意卖掉或清盘。

油棕小园主不会在晚年卖掉油棕园;店铺业主不会在退休后把店铺脱售。

理由只有一个:他们奋斗一生,就是为了晚年有稳定的收入,使他们晚年生活无忧。他们成功了,现在正是享受他们的成果的时候,他们怎能把数十年努力的事业结束掉呢?

年轻时种树,是希望年老时能吃到甜美的果子,现在果实累累,他们有什么理由把果树砍掉?有这样的道理吗?

买股票就是买公司的股份,买股份就是与人合股做生意,现在生意成功了,你每年都可以分到稳定的股息了,稳定的股息收入使你晚年生活无忧,你却在这个时候把股票卖掉,等于杀掉会生蛋的金鹅,这样的行为合理吗?

许多人忘记了,你买股票,就是参股做生意,只是你不会亲自去管理这盘生意而已。

买上市公司的股票,跟参股于私人公司做生意,没有什么分别。

许多人在年轻时与朋友合股做生意,只占股本的数巴仙,一路来也不过问公司的业务,数十年之后,他退休了,才发现他年轻时投资数千令吉,年老时已增值至数十万令吉,每年都可以分得丰厚的红利,他就靠红利过着写意的晚年生活。

累计优质股

如果他在年轻时,买进一些优质上市公司的股票,例如大众银行、吉隆甲洞、星狮、马银行……等,数十年后的今天,这些股票连同红股、附加股在内,1000令吉的投资,现在已价值100万令吉或更多,与参股于私人公司相比,不遑多让。

现在,由于股价高涨,或是年老了,就把这些累积了数十年的股票卖掉,把现金存在银行,让通膨不断的侵蚀其价值,这样岂是明智之举?

是的,在年轻的时候就开始累积优质股,买了就不卖,到乐龄时就必然能过“财务自主”的晚年。

问题是时光不能倒流,大部分人在年轻时都没有想过要这样做,乐龄方悔投资迟,又有什么用呢?

到乐龄之年,是不是就不能投资股票?

却也不是。

不能再冒险

不过,乐龄人不能冒年轻人那样的投资风险。

年轻人投资,若有闪失,仍有时间去补救,所以,即使投资风险较高亦无妨。

故年轻人投资可以侧重资本增值,但乐龄人宜侧重股息收入。

奇怪的朋友

我有个奇怪的朋友,觉得奇怪是我们都不了解他为什么要这样做。
而我们不去问他,他也不想解释为什么这样做。
但只要引起他的注意的东西,他会去看去想去问一些白痴问题。
我觉得这样是因为他只有个简简单单的生活,对很多没看过的东西都觉得很新鲜。
幸好没有太过分奇怪,不然也许这朋友会被大便一样被排挤,

在另一个角度看,我只能说  这世界上
每个人的成长环境不一样
每个人的处事方法都有异
每个人追求的东西也不同
都朔造出不一样的自己

朋友,你就是你。就算是奇怪也是真正的你。
加油吧!走自己的的道路从来就不容易。

Thursday, July 7, 2011

如何自己做租凭合约的Stamping

相信蛮多人会用自己的租凭合约,不过搞不清楚如何去Stamping吧。

这里分享step by step:

1. 计算要还多少stamp duty?方程式为:(X-RM2400)/250*Y。
    X为年租金;Y为RM1(一年租约);RM2(二到三年租约);RM3(三年以上)
   每份copy是RM10

2. 填上这两张表格:

http://www.investalks.com/forum/attachment.php?aid=MTkyMDd8NzZjMWEyYTN8MTMwOTI2ODQwM3wwYmU0azY3WWxnVCtNcysrcmlwalNKUXFrd3dEMmlIaDFzYXU3V09yOXNxK0JiZw%3D%3D
http://www.investalks.com/forum/attachment.php?aid=MTkyMDh8MDNlOGU1YTV8MTMwOTI2ODQwM3wwYmU0azY3WWxnVCtNcysrcmlwalNKUXFrd3dEMmlIaDFzYXU3V09yOXNxK0JiZw%3D%3D


3. 带两份租约(一份自己的;一份租客的)去LHDN。

4. 在LHDN要先拿号码。

5. 在第一个counter要交上表格和合约,服务员会检查和填些资料,然后拿回表格和合约等第二个counter叫到你号码。

6.在第二个counter给现钱或支票(信用卡不知行不行)和交上表格和合约,然后拿回合约直接去第三个counter。

7. 在第三个counter交上合约做endorsement。

8. 拿回合约后就可以回家。 

注:
- 要在一个月内做stamping,不然会有罚款。
- 不需要买hasil stem,可以用现金。

Tuesday, July 5, 2011

Understanding IP prefix lists

IOS prefix lists work like access lists for route advertisements (prefixes). While extended (and to a limited extent, standard) access lists can be employed to match prefix announcements, prefix lists are generally more graceful. Prefix lists work very similarly to access lists; a prefix list contains one or more ordered entries which are processed sequentially. As with access lists, the evaluation of a prefix against a prefix list ends as soon as a match is found.
Assume you wanted to prevent a route for 10.0.0.0/24 from being redistributed from OSPF to BGP. One way to accomplish this would be to define an extended ACL matching this prefix and reference it from the BGP redistribution route map:
router ospf 1
 router-id 2.2.2.2
 log-adjacency-changes
!
router bgp 65100
 no synchronization
 bgp router-id 2.2.2.2
 bgp log-neighbor-changes
 redistribute ospf 1 route-map OSPF->BGP
 neighbor 172.16.23.3 remote-as 65100
 no auto-summary
!
ip access-list extended OSPF_Redist
 deny   ip host 10.0.0.0 host 255.255.255.0
 permit ip any any
!
route-map OSPF->BGP permit 10
 match ip address OSPF_Redist
The above configuration prevents the exact prefix 10.0.0.0/24 from being advertised by denying the 10.0.0.0 network ("source" address) with a mask of 255.255.255.0 ("destination" address). All other prefixes are allowed by the permit ip any any statement.
This can be accomplished more intuitively by employing a prefix list:
router ospf 1
 router-id 2.2.2.2
 log-adjacency-changes
!
router bgp 65100
 no synchronization
 bgp router-id 2.2.2.2
 bgp log-neighbor-changes
 redistribute ospf 1 route-map OSPF->BGP
 neighbor 172.16.23.3 remote-as 65100
 no auto-summary
!
ip prefix-list OSPF_Redist seq 5 deny 10.0.0.0/24
ip prefix-list OSPF_Redist seq 10 permit 0.0.0.0/0 le 32
!
route-map OSPF->BGP permit 10
 match ip address prefix-list OSPF_Redist
As you can see, there are two entries in the prefix list defined above. These accomplish the same tasks as the two access list entries in the earlier example:deny 10.0.0.0/24 denies the exact prefix 10.0.0.0/24, and permit 0.0.0.0/0 le 32 allows all other prefixes.
The second prefix list entry warrants some explanation. Two keywords can be optionally appended to a prefix list entry: le (less than or equal to) and ge(greater than or equal to). Without either, an entry will match an exact prefix. The le parameter can be included to match all more-specific prefixes within a parent prefix up to a certain length. For example, 10.0.0.0/24 le 30 will match 10.0.0.0/24 and all prefixes contained therein with a length of 30 or less.
We can use le to create an entry to match "any" prefix: 0.0.0.0/0 le 32 matches any prefix with a length between 0 and 32 bits (inclusive). This matches all possible IPv4 prefixes.
The ge parameter works similarly to le but in the opposite direction; it specifies a minimum prefix length whereas le specifies a maximum length. For example,10.0.0.0/8 ge 16 will match all prefixes within the 10.0.0.0/8 network that are at least 16 bits in length. The length specified by ge should naturally be longer than the length of the initial prefix as it is impossible to match anything larger than the initial prefix.
le and ge can also be combined. Continuing the ge example, 10.0.0.0/8 ge 16 le 24 will match all prefixes within the 10.0.0.0/8 network having a mask both a) greater than or equal to 16 bits, and b) less than or equal to 24 bits in length. For instance, 10.42.0.0/18 would be matched, because its length is between 16 and 24 (inclusive), but neither 10.8.0.0/12 nor 10.123.77.128/25 would be matched.
Prefix lists take some getting used to, but can be very helpful in expressing routing policy within IOS configuration once you've gotten the hang of them.

Saturday, July 2, 2011

如果我有一百万

0 到 100 万 难吗?
说难不难!
最难的是0 到 1 的过程,只要习惯了。
100 万只是时间问题而已。
目前在 3。6徘徊。。。
加油吧!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
的确50万X0.06%=RM 30K / 12 = RM 2.5K per month 的确是很足够然一支的公财务自由。
可是真正要成家立业后生活有保障,只需100万就很足够了,
100万x0.06= RM 60K /12  = RM5K per month    (1中价公寓+1本地车+两个孩子+1年两次亚洲旅游)
200万x0.06= RM 120K /12 = RM10K per month (双层排屋/半独立+外国车 (入门级-Toyota以上)+两/三个孩子+1年两次欧洲级以上的旅游)
300万x0.06= RM 180K /12 = RM15K per month (独立式/豪华公寓+外国车 (中级-Audi以上)+两/三个孩子+1年两次世界级以上的旅游)
500万x0.06= RM 300K /12 = RM25K per month(独立式+泳池或管家/豪华公寓(Penthouse以上)+外国车(高级-Ferrari以上+两-五个孩子+1年2-4次世界级以上的旅)
1000万x0.06= RM 600K /12 = RM50K per month(独立式+泳池+管家+私人保安室/豪华公寓+空中游池(Penthouse以上)+外国车(顶级-Rolls Royce 以上+两-五个孩子or领养都可以+每个月都可以享有世界级以上的旅)
1亿x0.06= RM 600万 /12 = RM500K per month (超级豪宅+私人theme park+私人飞机+外国车(顶级-Ferrari )+1-15个孩子+领养+随心所欲的世界级旅游Xinfinitive)

的确,如果能够掌握或灵活运用cash flow的秘诀,的确能够print money from thin air . 

出直jack 的blog:-

Long Term Liabilities:
- Mortgage Loan - Principal Balance (In Principal Amount, as I put the interest payment in current liabilities)
- Car Lon Balance

Current Liabilities (Expense to be incurred within 12 months):
- Living Expenses (monthly expense * 12 + annual expense)
- Mortgage Loan to be paid within 12 months
- Car Loan to be paid within 12 months
- House Renovation Expense (to be incurred next Year)

Equity = Asset - Liabilities

As you can see, I didn't include possible 12 month salary income in Current Asset, that is because I do not want to confuse myself that I can easily use that money in future. And I am going to be a self-employed person, hence I cannot calculate the salary income anymore.

I have set the finance ratio as below:

Current Ratio = Current Asset / Current Liabilities
Liquidity Ratio = Cash & Equivalent / Current Liabilities
Total Debt to Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities /Equity
Long Term Debt To Asset Ratio = Long Term Debt / Asset
Investment to Current Asset Ratio = Marketable Securities / Current Asset
Cash To Total Asset Ratio = Cash & Equivalent / Total Asset
Property to Total Asset Ratio = Property / Total Asset

养成投资成功的习惯●冷眼

分享锦集:养成投资成功的习惯●冷眼
2011/07/01 5:44:30 PM
●冷眼

影响一个人成功或失败的因素很多,其中之一就是他的习惯。

习惯是一个人重复做同一个动作所形成的,做得多了,就在不知不觉中成为他的身心的一部份,所谓习惯成自然是也。

养成习惯之后,当他处在同一个环境中时,他的潜意识就会指示他做同样的动作,他在不假思索的情况下去做,做得多了,就变成上瘾,一旦上瘾,就很难改掉,故习惯可改,上瘾难戒。

从“瘾”字的部首为“疒”,可以看出“瘾”是一种病态,除非有巨大的决心,瘾将陪一个人走完他痛苦的一生。

习惯有好坏之分,好的习惯使你一生受惠,坏的习惯戕害你一生。就以股票投资来说,如果你养成坏的投资习惯,而这习惯又慢慢的发展成“瘾”,那么你就不可能投资成功,最好的选择是退出股市。

天堂地狱一念间

正如我所说的,习惯未到上瘾的地步,是有可救之药的。如果你想在股市成功,请你现在就下决心,改掉使你失败的投资习惯。

改掉习惯的最好方法,就是以好的习惯代替坏的习惯。

因为在驱除坏习惯之后所留下的真空,如果没有新的东西填满它的话,坏习惯会故态复萌,重新抬头,那时要再扑灭它,就要有更大的决心,成功的机会就降低了。

所以,改掉坏习惯和培养好习惯,必须同步就行,才能奏效,使你的投资走上成功大道。

首先你一定要检讨你自己,你在股市一、二十年,竟然一无所获,以至搞到焦头烂额,足以证明你现在所用的方法是错误的,如果经过一、二十年都还赚不到钱,除非你改弦易辙,你不可能在股市赚钱,那是肯定的。

股市本身是中性的,如果你态度正确,股市将是一座金矿,如果你态度错误,股市将是你的坟墓。是走向天堂还是地狱,只是一念之间而已。

改掉坏习惯,从养成好习惯开始。

习惯1 买卖不应频仍

第一个导致大多数股票投资者失败的坏习惯,就是买卖过于频仍。

大部份人都有一种错误的想法,以为买卖越多,动作越快,赚钱就越多,殊不知适得其反。在股市中越活跃的人,越难赚钱,在股市中被烧伤手的都是那些抢进杀出的投机客。

股市中的“过动儿”,都是玩短线的投机客,短线投机必须有预测股市动向的能力,才有可能获利,而要预测短期股市的动向,几乎是不可能的事。

是的,预测偶尔会准确,但长期来说,失败的巴仙率肯定远远的超过成功率,如果你在股市中进出一、二十年,仍无法藉此累积财富,就证明此路不通,这是一条死胡同,越早离开对你越有利。

动作越少越好

有些人在股市中,动作频仍,养成了天天抢进杀出的习惯,到达了“成瘾”的地步,不买不卖,周身不自在。

尤其是在活跃的牛市中目睹“赌友”呼卢喝雉,他难耐寂寞,贪念顿起,就不知不觉加入战围,殊不知这是一条不归路,陷他自己和他的家人于万劫不复之地,实在可怜。

你如果想在股市赚钱,当务之急,就是马上减少交易的次数。

记住,动作越少越好,在股市累积财富的,都是不活跃的投资者。

马上戒掉短线投机的恶习,转而养成长期投资的好习惯,痛下决心,现在就改,不要等到明天,如果你找藉口,原谅自己,你将永远改不了。

习惯2 控制自己的情绪

第二个导致投资失败的坏习惯,就是不能控制你的情绪。

大部份失败者都是因为压制不了买进卖出的冲动。

他们的行动,是由情绪控制。

在熊市中,股价跌到离谱的低点,当股票价值被严重低估时,本来是最好的买进机会,但他们的心,被恐惧所笼罩,使他不敢买进,使买进良机,与他擦身而过。

在牛市中,股价已登峰造极,股票价值已被严重高估,原本是最好的卖出时机,但他抑制不了贪婪的驱使,反而高价买进,使他成为“高买”的牺牲品。

不轻信消息

股票就是公司的股份,买股份就是与人合股做生意,参股之前必须慎重考虑,才作出决定。

如果你在牛气冲天,或在一知半解的人的推荐下,或是受到谣言的驱使,未作深入的考量,就贸贸然投入巨资,你不大可能成功。

无论消息多么好,你都不可冲动,把动作放慢一些,最好是走到股票行外面,吸一口新鲜空气,使你的情绪平静下来,使你的头脑清醒过来。

你也许会突然发现,那个“消息”其实是一个陷阱,太好的消息,通常都不是好消息,不可轻信。

你有买进的冲动,是因为你怕失去机会,其实,那是过虑,你的投资经验丰富后,你会发现,你所买进的为你赚取庞大盈利的,都是经过深入思考之后才买进的好股,很少是在仓促间买进的“明星股”。

请不用担心失去机会,因为只要股市存在,机会就存在,没有买到一只股票,焉知不是塞翁失马?

所以,不要急,慢慢选,细细挑,上市公司1000家,你一定可以买到你心仪的好股。

习惯3 只信事实 不信意见

第三个习惯是只相信“事实”,不相信“意见”。

“事实”是以确实的资料作后盾,“意见”往往是一种猜测。

这是一只好股,因为它有长久的盈利纪录,有合理的股息,稳健的财政情况,可靠的掌舵人等等,这些都是年报中白纸黑字印出来的,并不是猜测,根据“事实”作出决定,可以减低风险,提高成功率。

如果有人说这是一只“好股”,但没办法提出事实来证明,这是“意见”,意见往往是免费的,可能是好的,但在大多数情况下是含有毒素的、信不得。

巴菲特说:“你的决定是正确的,因为你是根据事实作出的。”

大马股市有400万股民,每一个人意见不同,所以有400万种意见,但大马有1000家上市公司,每家上市公司只有一套事实和数据。

一家公司绝对不能有两种事实和数据,否则,可能会面对除牌的惩罚,故事实和数据可靠,意见不可靠,投资所涉及的款额动辄以万令吉计,怎可根据不可靠的意见作出投资决定呢?

你不觉得很荒谬吗?很幼稚吗?

习惯4 靠人不如靠己

第四个习惯是靠自己,不靠别人。

大部份投资者都有一个弱点,就是总喜欢问别人股市会起吗?会跌吗?什么股值得买?什么时候该卖等等。

自己不动脑筋,以别人的意见为依归,殊不知那个“别人”也并不比他高明,结果是问道于盲。

自己动手做功课吧,那才是长久之计,临渊羡鱼,不如退而结网。不要向别人讨鱼吃,自己学习捕鱼,那才是治本之道。

全球有70亿人口,就有70亿张不同的面孔,你绝对无法在这个世界上找到一模一样的两张脸孔。

同样的,400万大马股民,每个人的年龄、性格、想法、教养、价值观、人生观、态度,甚至嗜好,都完全不同,所以,你应该确立一套适合你应用,为你带来绩效的投资法。

如果此法长期为你赚到钱,就表示你找到了你的秘诀,坚持下去,不要三心两意,不要舍弃你的强点而采用别人的弱点。

钱是要你自己去赚的,别人没有替你赚钱的义务。

你亏了本,你有切肤之痛,别人却毫无感觉,他为什么要花精神为你筹划赚钱呢?

路要你自己去走,别人不能代你走,天下没有免费的午餐,一分耕耘一分收获,要别人“多朗”你,对你的智力是一种侮辱。
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